Lipan Apache People

[Deleted]

Below is information taken from the wiki page about the native Apache people that resided in Texas, and are the Apaches we have as a joinable character group. All Apaches on this site are of the Lipan People.

SYNONYMY

The name Lipan is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as Hleh-pai Ndé reflecting their migratory story. The Lipan are also known as Querechos, Vaqueros, Pelones, Nde buffalo hunters, Eastern Apache, Apache de los Llanos, Lipan, Ipande, Ypandes, Ipandes, Ipandi, Lipanes, Lipanos, Lipanis, Lipaines, Lapane, Lapanne, Lapanas, Lipau, Lipaw, Apaches Lipan, Apacheria Lipana, and Lipanes Llaneros. The first recorded name is Ypandes.


LANGUAGE

The Lipan speak the Lipan Language, it is a Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) language and is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the North American Southwest (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Sonora) with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas. These languages are spoken by various groups of Apache and Navajo peoples.


BANDS

By 1750, the Lipan Apache were driven from the Southern Great Plains by their Comanche foes and their allies, the so-called Norteños. The Lipan divided in following groups or bands.

NOTE: Your Apache character can be from any of these tribes, just make sure they still existed before and 1870.

Eastern Lipan (Spanish: Lipanes de arriba - "Upper Lipan", "Northern Lipan"):

- Tséral tuétahä, Tséral tuétahäⁿ ("Red Hair People"): merged later with the Tche shä and Tsél tátli dshä, lived south of the Nueces River in Texas, about 1884 extinct.

- Tche shä, Tche shäⁿ ("Sun Otter People"): lived from San Antonio, Texas, south to the Rio Grande.

- Kó'l kukä'ⁿ, Kó´l Kahäⁿ, Cuelcahen Ndé ("Tall Grass People", "High Grass People"): lived on the Central Plains of Texas along the upper Colorado River. and its tributaries southward to the Pecos River.

- Tchó'kanä, Tchóⁿkanäⁿ ("Pulverizing People", "Rubbing People"): merged later with the Tcha shka-ózhäye, lived west of Fort Griffin, Texas, along the upper Colorado River towards the western side of the Rio Grande, about 1884 extinct.

- Kóke metcheskó lähä, Kóke metcheskó lähäⁿ ("High-Beaked Moccasin People"): lived south of San Antonio as far as northern Mexico.

- Tsél tátli dshä, Tsél tátli dshäⁿ ("People of the Green Mountain"): merged later with Kóke metcheskó lähä, lived east of the Rio Grande along the lower Guadalupe River, Texas and Nueces River in Texas.

- Ndáwe qóhä, Ndáwe qóhäⁿ, Ndáwe ɣóhäⁿ ("Fire People", "Camp Circle People"): lived southeast of Fort Griffin, along the Colorado, San Saba and Llano Rivers towards the upper Nueces River and its tributaries the Frio River and Atascosa River in Texas.

- Shá i'a Nde, Shá'i'ánde, Nde 'Shini, Shä-äⁿ ("Northern People"): most northern group of the Lipan, sharing contacts with the Kiowa-Apache. They were forced to relocate 1884, when 300 people were moved to the Washita Agency in Oklahoma)

- Tsés tsembai ("Heads of Wolves People", "Bodies of Men People"): lived between the upper Brazos River and the Colorado River towards the west.

- Te'l kóndahä, Te'l kóndahäⁿ ("Wild Goose People"): lived west of Fort Griffin in Texas, along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries, were renowned and fierce warriors.

Western Lipan (Spanish: Lipanes de abajo - "Lower Lipan", "Southern Lipan")

- Tu'tssn Ndé, Tùn Tsa Ndé, Tú sis Ndé, Kúne tsá, Konitsaii Ndé ("Big Water People", "Great Water People"): formerly a Natage band they lived in the Gulf Coastal Plains towards both sides of the Rio Grande into Coahuila, in 1765 the greater part of them left San Lorenzo de Sata Cruz and went into Mexico and their territory stretched deep into Coahuila, their territory was called Konitsąąįį gokíyaa (Big Water People Country), Magoosh's band Tu' sis Nde would later merge with the Mescalero as the "Tuintsunde".

- Tsésh ke shéndé, Tséc kecénde ("Painted Wood People"): perhaps lived former along the upper Brazos River, later moved down to live near Lavón, Mexico, about 1884 extinct.

- Tindi Ndé, Tú'e Ndé, Tüzhä'ⁿ, Täzhä'ⁿ ("People of the Mountain", "Uplanders"): lived along the upper Rio Grande, in southern New Mexico and in northern Mexico, at about 1850 they were in close contact to the Mescalero.

- Tcha shka-ózhäye, Tchaⁿshka ózhäyeⁿ ("Little Breech-clout People"): lived along the eastern shore of the Rio Pecos in Texas, were close allies of the Nadahéndé or Natage (whom later became the Mescalero and Salinero).

- Twid Ndé, Tú’é'diné Ndé ("Tough People of the Desert", "No Water People"): moved north and therefore away from the gulf area, later they lived between the Rio Grande and the Pecos River, near the juncture of the two. There they became much mixed with the Mescalero and merged later as Tuetinini with the Mescalero, the Tú sis Ndé (“Big Water People”) who tried to remain nearer their old territory on the gulf but who were finally driven over into Mexico, are sometimes quite critical of the Twid Ndé because of their apostacy and mixture and classify them as a Mescalero or part-Mescalero group.

- Zit'is'ti Nde, Tséghát’ahén Nde, Tas steé be glui Ndé ("Rock Tied to Head People"): wearing a red turbanlike headdress like the neighboring Mescalero, lived in the deserts of northern Mexico.

In addition there are further bands:

- Bi'uhit Ndé, Buii gl un Ndé ("Many Necklaces People"): lived in the deserts and highplains of New Mexico and northern Mexico.

- Ha'didla 'Ndé, Goschish Ndé ("Lightning Storm People"): lived from the lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas into the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, today descendants living in the Lower Rio Grande River area (El Calaboz Rancheria).

- Zuá Zuá Ndé ("People of the Lava Beds"): lived in the lava beds of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas.

- Jumano Ndé, Suma Ndé (Jumano Apache - “Red Mud Painted People”): lived and make also their living today in the lands of the Lower and Middle Rio Grande River, the Nueces River, the Frio River, and the Conchos River watersheds, today descendants living in the Middle-Upper Rio Grande River, West Texas (El Polvo (Redford), El Mesquite, El Conejo, El Mulato Chihuahua).

- Indantųhé Ndé, Nakaiyé Ndé (“Mexican Clan People”): Mexicans who mixed up with Lipan bands, as the latter thought refugee in Mexico.

The Spanish associated with the Lipan these groupings:

- Lipiyánes (also Lipiyán, Lipillanes, a coalition of splinter groups of the Nadahéndé, Guhlkahéndé and Lipan of the 18th century under the leadership of Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle (Strong Arm), who fought and withstood the Comanche on the Plains)

- Natagés (Nah-tah-hay, also Natagees, Apaches del Natafé, Yabipais Natagé, Natageses, Natajes, from Nadahéndé - "People of the Mescal", Original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and Salinero, were oft called by the Spanish and Apaches themselves true Apaches, which had had a considerable influence on the decision making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century)

- Ypandes (Ypandis, Ipandes, Ipandi, Lipanes, Lipanos, Lipaines, Lapane, Lipanis, Lipan, They once travelled from the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico to the upper Colorado River, San Saba River and Llano River of central Texas across the Edwards Plateau southeast to the Gulf of Mexico, were close allies of the Natagés, therefore it seems certain that they were the Plains Lipan division (Golgahį́į́, Kó'l kukä'ⁿ- “Prairie Men”), not to be confused with Lipiyánes or Le Panis (French for the Pawnee). They were first mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of San Antonio, Texas.)

- Llanero (Spanish meaning "plains dweller". The name was historically used to refer to several different groups who hunted buffalo seasonally on the Great Plains, also referenced in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. (See also Carlanas.)

- Pelones (Bald Ones, lived far from San Antonio and far to the northeast of the Ypandes in the Red River of the South country of north central Texas, although able to field 800 warriors, more than the Ypandes and Natagés together, they were described as less warlike because they had fewer horses than the Plains Lipan, their population were estimated between 1,600 to 2,400 persons, were the Forest Lipan division (Chishį́į́hį́į́, Tcici, Tcicihi - “People of the Forest”, after 1760 the name Pelones was never used by the Spanish for any Texas Apache group, the Pelones had fled for the Comanche south and southwest, but never mixed up with the Plains Lipan division - retaining their distinct identity, so that Morris Opler was told by his Lipan informants in 1935 that their tribal name was “People of the Forest”)

Their kin, west and southwest of them, sometime allies sometime foes, the Mescalero, called them after their location and living conditions:

- Tuetinini ("No Water People"), called by the Lipan Twid Nde, "Western Lipan", because they lived most of the time in deserts, steppes and Mountains)

- Tuintsunde ("Big Water People"), called by the Lipan Tu`tssn Nde, "Eastern Lipan", because they lived in the river valleys of the southern Texan Plains against the Gulf of Mexico)


HISTORY

The Lipan are first mentioned in Spanish record in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio. It seems likely that the Lipan became established in Texas during the latter half of the 17th century. They moved southward during the 18th century where one Spanish mission was built in Coahuila in 1754 and another on the San Sabá River in 1757. Both missions were burned and deserted; the San Saba mission was destroyed by the Comanches and their allies. During 1757 the Lipan Apaches were involved in fighting with the Hasinais.

Their territory ranged from the Colorado River to the Rio Grande. Two Lipan local group chiefs had a total of 700 people in 1762. Since there were at least 12 other local groups, Morris Opler estimates that the population was approximately 3,000-4,000. He estimates a total of 6,000 in 1700.

The Spanish and Lipan frequently were in conflict as Spain tried to invade and colonize the Texas territory. The Spanish tried to thwart the Lipan through alcohol, provoking conflict between the Lipan and Mescalero, making them economically dependent on Spanish trade goods, and through missionaries. It is not certain if the Lipan actually lived on the Spanish missions, but by 1767 all Lipan had completely deserted them. In the same year, Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination since in 1764 a smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe.

However, a little afterwards the Lipan entered an uneasy alliance with Spain in order to war against the Mescalero. The alliance fell apart before 1800. Another serious enemy of the Lipan was the Comanche, who incidentally was also an enemy of Spain. Many historians cite Comanche aggression as a factor leading to the Lipan's southernly migration. At the beginning of the 19th century the Lipan formed an alliance with the Comanche to attack the Spanish.

In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate Lipan Apaches, who were blamed for causing trouble. Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors flee to the Mescaleros in New Mexico.

From 1875 to 1876, United States Army troops undertake joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate Lipans from Coahuila.

In 1881, a large campaign by Mexican Army’s Díaz division (assisted by US troops) forced all Lipans out of Coahuila and into the state of Chihuahua.